🧠 Understanding Stroke: A Guide for Patients and Families

Introduction

Stroke is a major public health concern in Malaysia, contributing to high rates of disability and death. According to the National Health and Morbidity Survey (NHMS) 2019, approximately 0.7% of Malaysians aged 18 and above have experienced a stroke. The risk increases significantly with age:

• Ages 18–29: 0.1%
• Ages 30–49: 0.3%
• Ages 50–64: 1.6%
• Ages 65 and above: 4.5%

The incidence rate of stroke in Malaysia is estimated at 150–180 cases per 100,000 people per year. Males are at a higher risk, with about 200 cases per 100,000, compared to 150 per 100,000 among females.

What is a Stroke?

A stroke occurs when blood flow to a part of the brain is interrupted or reduced. Without oxygen and nutrients, brain cells begin to die within minutes, leading to brain injury.

There are two main types of stroke:

• Ischemic Stroke: Caused by a blockage in an artery leading to the brain (most common).

• Hemorrhagic Stroke: Caused by a burst blood vessel within the brain.

Causes and Risk Factors

Understanding the risk factors can help prevent strokes or detect them early. Common causes include:

• Hypertension (high blood pressure)
• Diabetes Mellitus
• Hyperlipidemia (high cholesterol)
• Family history of stroke
• Obesity
• Lifestyle factors:

◦ Smoking
◦ Physical inactivity
◦ Excessive alcohol use
◦ Chronic stress
◦ An unhealthy diet

Recognising Stroke Symptoms

Time is critical in stroke management. Use the F.A.S.T acronym to identify stroke symptoms quickly:

• Face drooping
• Arm weakness
• Speech difficulty
• Time to call emergency services

The Path to Rehabilitation

Stroke rehabilitation is highly individualized and may include:

• Physical Therapy: To improve strength, movement, and balance—supporting activities such as bed mobility, walking, and transfers.

• Occupational Therapy: To help regain independence in daily tasks such as dressing and eating.

• Speech Therapy: For difficulties with speaking, swallowing, or understanding language.

• Psychological Support: Managing emotional challenges like anxiety, depression, or frustration is a vital part of recovery.

Conclusion

A stroke can be life-changing, but early treatment and structured rehabilitation can lead to meaningful recovery. Awareness, quick action, and ongoing support make a significant difference on the road to regaining independence and quality of life.